Cheaper, cleaner hydrogen: Scientists unlock way to make it — study

Washington DC: Researchers have developed a durable new catalyst that produces clean hydrogen without relying on expensive platinum metals. The breakthrough could make renewable hydrogen fuel cheaper, more efficient, and easier to scale for real-world energy use.

Renewable energy sources can cut harmful emissions, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and improve efficiency.

However, many clean energy technologies remain expensive because they depend on costly materials such as platinum group metals (PGMs) and require efficient ways to store energy for later use.

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Researchers at Washington University in St Louis are working on a possible solution.

A team led by Gang Wu, professor of energy, environmental & chemical engineering in the McKelvey School of Engineering, has developed a new catalyst designed for an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyser (AEMWE).

Splitting water

This technology uses electricity from renewable sources to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, producing "clean hydrogen" fuel in the process.

Wu's group focused on replacing expensive platinum-based materials commonly used in hydrogen production systems.

Their approach uses renewable electricity generated from sunlight, wind, or water to power the separation of hydrogen from water molecules.

"Going from water to hydrogen is a very desirable way we are able to store energy for different applications," Wu said. "Hydrogen itself can be used as an energy carrier and is useful for different chemical industries and manufacturing."

Rhenium phosphide (Re₂P) and molybdenum phosphide (MoP)

To build the catalyst, the researchers combined rhenium phosphide (Re₂P) and molybdenum phosphide (MoP).

Together, the two materials created a highly effective composite that improved the hydrogen extraction process. The rhenium component helped hydrogen attach to and release from the catalyst surface, while the molybdenum sped up the splitting of water in the alkaline electrolyte.

The team paired the new catalyst with a nickel-iron anode and found that the system performed better than a leading state-of-the-art cathode, including one based on PGM materials.

Durable platinum-free cathode

According to Wu, the catalyst also operated for more than 1,000 hours at industry-level current densities of 1 and 2 amperes per square centimetre.

That makes it one of the most durable platinum-free cathodes developed so far for anion-exchange membrane water electrolysers.

"Our findings allowed us to rationalise the critical role of engineering the hydrogen-bond network at the catalyst/electrolyte interface in designing high-efficiency, low-cost AEMWEs," Wu said.

"Our catalyst showed the lowest resistance across the studied potential range, which suggests the fastest hydrogen adsorption kinetics among the studied catalysts. These newly achieved performance and durability metrics make our catalyst one of the most promising membrane electrode assemblies for practical anion-exchange membrane water electrolysers," added Wu.

Although the experiments were carried out at laboratory scale, the researchers plan to continue studying whether the technology can be expanded for industrial use.